Chemical Structures Starting with the Letter E

Discrimination Policies in Health Care Free Essays

America is one of the most diverse countries in the world with people of many cultures, ethnicity, genders, and religion. However, it has not always been as tolerant of its diversity as evident of America’s history on race, religion, and gender relations. As a result of this history, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted and prohibited employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination Policies in Health Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces all of these laws (FMWM, 2008). Even with laws society still faces many different forms of discriminations including rate of pay, obesity and because of the time we live in religion. Our laws and society are not perfect but they strive to create a better work place for all American citizens. Organizations today protect themselves from liability and their employees from discrimination by developing policies and implementing training programs to educate and define acceptable ways to treat one another in the workplace. A nondiscrimination policy in an employee handbook is very important, and could help prevent issues in the future of any organization. Every person should have the right to work in a nondiscrimination organization and not be threatened because of his or her personal beliefs. This policy should help ensure that all employees are aware of the organizations policies and give no room for questions on how an employee should expect to treat or be treated during employment in that organization. The policy needs to be presented to employees at the time of hire and enforced throughout their entire employment. In the policy should be nondiscrimination laws, regulations, policies, and organization executive orders. Read also Analyze the Ways in Which British Imperial Policies Discrimination against anyone on the basis of race, color, creed, religion, sex, age, national origin, marital status, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability, gender identity and expression, familial or parental status, genetic information, veteran status, or any other protected classification will not be tolerated (JHH, 2009). The organization should take proper steps when hiring new employees by carefully screening all prospective candidates. The interviewing manager needs to ask important questions to see if that new mployee will fit into the culture of the organization. Background checks, drug test need to be done before hiring. In order for the nondiscrimination policy to be effective every protected violation must be addressed and responses to every issue need to be handled as soon as possible. This will leave no question in an employee’s mind that everyone is treated according to the policies set forth by the organization and the law. No employee can be the e xception to the rule or this policy will leave room for error and eventually fail. Regardless of what personal views management has, the organization’s policies are executed. Nondiscrimination policies in an organization limit liability by promoting equality in the workplace and a unified workforce. An effective anti-discrimination policy helps an organization anticipate issues, manage them, and then continue with business (Duncan, 2004). Organizations must ensure their anti-discrimination policies fully deal with all potential issues but not be so detailed and sophisticated that no one understands it. Ultimately, employers are responsible for ensuring a healthy work environment by providing policies and educating employees on discriminatory practices and harassment, as well as preventing liability for the organization (Fremgen B. F. , 2009). Discriminatory practices can be direct or indirect and both can have a negative impact on the work environment and the organization. Direct discrimination occurs when a direct distinction, preference, or exclusion is made, for example, a job description or advertisement that specifies applicants of a certain age, race, creed, or color (ILO, 1996-2010). Many of these types of discriminatory actions are addressed in federal and state laws, and can lead to litigation for the organization. Indirect discrimination is less obvious and occurs when neutral practices result in unequal treatment; for example, scheduling job assignments or training sessions that interfere with an employee’s family obligations. These types of issues do not usually result in litigation, but they do cause unrest and dissatisfaction in the workplace if not resolved (ILO, 1996-2010). In today’s competitive environment organizations need to find new methods to reate a culture of equality and opportunity in the workplace. Many organizations conduct mandatory training for all managers on non-discriminatory practices in an effort to increase efficiency and productivity (Duncan, 2004). Equal opportunity and treatment allows an individual to develop their own unique set of talent and skills, as well as recognize their own value. Equal opportunity practices improve productivity, increase a sense of fairness, lower staff turnover, increase motivation, and provide a less stressful work environment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 is the act that gives the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) authority to sue in federal courts when it finds reasonable cause to believe that there has been employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (EEOC, 2009). The EEOC is responsible for coordinating the Federal government’s employment non-discrimination effort. In the case of public employment, the EEOC refers the matter to the United States attorney general to bring the lawsuit. The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces all of these laws and provides oversight and coordination of all federal equal employment opportunity regulations, practices, and policies (EEO). Different federal agencies enforce federal laws concerning workplace discrimination issues. Unless the government speaks together upon non-discriminating matters within employment, workers remain confused about what rights they have and how to protect them. Employers may be uncertain of their obligations and how to comply voluntarily with their legal duties. Other federal laws not enforced by EEOC also prohibit discrimination and reprisal against federal employees and applicants. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) contains a number of prohibitions, known as prohibited personnel practices, which are designed to promote fairness in federal personnel actions (U. S. Department of Health Human Services). The president appoints five commissioners and a General Counsel whom oversees the affairs of the EEOC. According to the Chair, the chief executive officer of the commission is responsible, along with the General Counsel, for conducting EEOC enforcement litigation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), the Equal Pay (EPA), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The laws enforced by the EEOC are * Title VII of the civil Rights Act * Equal Pay Act of 1963 * Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) * Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Sections 501 and 505 Titles I and V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) * Civil Rights Act of 1991 (EEO) Many states have equal employment opportunity commission equivalents that enforce state employment discrimination laws and related regulations. State equivalents also investigate and resolve employment discrimination charges filed under state laws and under certain Federal laws. The company judges individuals by their abilities, not their disabilities, and seeks to give full and equal employment opportunities to all persons capable of performing successfully in the company’s positions. The company complies with all anti-discrimination laws, regulations, and executive orders. The company emphasizes that the law does not promise a job or a promotion but meant to level the playing field and make the rules the same for all applicants and employees. Equal employment opportunity programs include affirmative action for employment, as well as for handling discrimination complaints. Ethics in the medical industry is important because â€Å"ethics demands that the healthcare professional make sure that the patient understands the consequences in terms of the issues that are important to the patient. If there is no understanding, there is no agreement and therefore no authorization to proceed† (Garett, 2010). Ethical principles in healthcare refer to decisions or actions consistent with widely excepted ethics standards, norms, or expectations for a healthcare organization and its staff. One ethical consideration is strong leadership with a high regard of ethical values, which foster an environment and culture that support ethical practices throughout a hospital’s organizational structure. Fair hiring practices that bring in employees based on their knowledge, strength, abilities and competency for doing the job right. Also to enforce any codes, laws, or standards in the healthcare industry it is important to have a performance management system that is structured to your organizational needs. This is based on the ethical evaluation of patient care that â€Å"allows for the examination of organizational performance to ascertain how well the rganization is performing relative to what is expected, ethical improvement in organizational performance and by implementing corrective action that measures levels of expectations† (McConnell, 2003). The Ethics process plays an important part in keeping viable communication between health organizations and the patients, because ultimately it is the goal and mission of the organization to provide its consumers with a good or desirable experience. It is a sound principal to have clear goals and a complete understanding of ethi cs. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) governs and enforces the laws pertaining to discrimination. The healthcare industry should have a system in place to ensure that the highest ethical standards are maintained so that patients, family members, surrogates, employees and volunteers can work or be treated in a culture of professionalism. Good organizations know where ethical problems might occur and have solutions on how to resolve them. They must be committed to high ethical standards and morals consistent with an industry dedicated to the well-being of its customers. How to cite Discrimination Policies in Health Care, Papers

Invertebrate Response to External Stimuli Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Invertebrate Responses to External Stimuli. Answer: Placing ten invertebrates on a petri dish of choice determines their movement rate. Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were chosen for this experimental study. For this, the earthworms were dipped in cold water kept on a petri dish. The experimental results were derived by measuring the organism response by the utilization of the qualitative data and the quantitative data. Qualitative data was determined by counting the number of living worms at the end of the study and quantitative data was determined by description of the conditions for the reaction of the worms towards the applied stimuli. The study was further repeated by the application of various conditions as for the measurement of the response to the stimuli and the applied conditions for stimuli were room temperature, hot water, a combination of light and room temperature and yeast suspension. The primary purpose of the experimental study was the observation of the invertebrates stimuli in the various environments. It is a natural phenomenon that animals keep on adjusting their environment with the required changes according to the environmental changes that occur around them. This is because of the fact that they possess special sense organs that help them to response according to the stimuli of the changing environment. These changes are often regarded as mutuality relationships that exist between the animal and its surrounding atmosphere. These stimulus based adaptive responses are essential for the survival of the animal species. Introduction and Purpose The purpose of this experimental study was the investigation of the invertebrate responses towards external stimuli that consist of hot water, light, water at room temperature, yeast suspension and cold water. The responses of the worms in different atmospheres or external stimuli were different. Like, when dipped in cold water, their rate of movement increases with few ending up in curling and when dipped in hot water, the movement rate was extreme and resulted in death. Apart from these, the other applied external stimuli were water at room temperature and under light in the room temperature water. In both the cases, the movement rate was fast with no death. In the yeast suspension, the rate of movement was quite fast with death resulting in few of them. The result of the present experimental study is expressed in terms of both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data for determining the number of living worms and quantitative data for describing the reactions of the earthworms towards the applied external stimuli. Definition of external stimulus is an essential aspect for understanding this experiment. Stimulus is a phenomenon that incites exertion or action and quickens the rate of action. Invertebrates are defined as the animals that lack internal skeleton and do not possess backbone. Earthworms are the best example for this class of animals. While performing the experiment, gloves should be worn while handling the animals for protection against contamination. The hands should be thoroughly washed with soap before and after handling the invertebrates. The worms should be handled with care and they should be treated gently and with proper respect. After completion of the experiment, the worms should be placed back in the beaker kept on the table for the teacher. Apparatus for the experiment Lamp with reflector Beaker 200 mL Thermometer Timer Petri Dish Ruler Lamp Pipettes Materials for the experiment Earthworms Yeast Hot water Ice cubes and Water Tap water Procedure For the study, an invertebrate animal was chosen, like, an earthworm. The experimental design was based on the background and necessary information about the invertebrate species. A relevant stimulus was selected for producing the consistent invertebrate response like hot water, cold water, yeast suspension, light and water at room temperature. A hypothesis was formulated for recording the response of the invertebrate to the external stimuli. The design of the experiment was based on the negative or positive response of the organism to the selected stimulus. The experimental design had one variable independent with the other variables kept constant. The necessary controls were exerted with the experimental apparatus. The choice chamber was designed to keep one of its sides cold with ice cubes and the other side at room temperature. The experiment was so designed that it can be differentiated between the side of attraction and repulsion of the organism. The organism response was the dependent variable was measured in the study by the qualitative (descriptive) data and quantitative (numerical) data. For achieving reproducible and reliable results, the experiment was repeated twice. Data table was created for recording the observations. The teacher approved the plan after reviewing it. The experimental study was performed. Petri Plate External Stimuli Response to Stimuli 1. Cold water Rapid rate of movement, curling and death 2. Hot water Extremely rapid rate of movement and death 3. Room temperature Moving and alive 4. Yeast suspension Quite rapid rate of movement and alive 5. Light and water at room temperature Rapid rate of movement and alive Discussion The results collected from the experimental study were presented in a tabulated format. Based on the results, it can be said that the worms placed on the various petri dishes under different external conditions of stimuli exhibited different responses. In the first petri dish, cold water was present in which 10 worms were placed. The reaction to this action was that the worms started to move fast, curled up and eventually died. In the second petri dish, warm water was placed and when the worms were placed in it, they started to move very fast and instantly died. In the third petri dish, water at room temperature was kept and the worms moved fast in it and all were alive. In the fourth and fifth petri dish, there was yeast suspension and water at room temperature under light where all the worms were alive and they moved quite rapidly for both the cases. The results of the study demonstrated that there was significant response from the animal to the change in external stimuli and their behavior is overt. In case of invertebrates, they respond to the applied external stimuli and the corresponding activities that are correlated with the internal needs of the organism (John R Meyer, 2006). Different external environments in the petri plates demonstrated different movement types which are called as orientation behaviors. Coordinated movements constitute the orientation behaviors that includes swimming, flying, walking along with many activities that happen as an external stimuli response (John R Meyer, 2006). These are the adaptive survival values that help the invertebrate for locating the stimulus source. Few ambiguities were noticed in the laboratory during the experiment. Worms were used as the primary assumption source for studying the invertebrates movements in response to a stimulus. Not every invertebrate exhibits similar response like a worm and therefore the validity of the study is under question. The living worms indicated a negative or positive response to the external stimuli. The assumption that all the worms were alive when they were introduced to the petriplates is quite doubtful as they were in clumps inside the storage bottle. Therefore, calculating the number of alive or dead worms after the experiment is not an accurate procedure for the study. The desired response can only be achieved if the surrounding temperature is neither too hot nor too cold during the experiment. Surrounding environment plays a crucial role regarding the invertebrates movements, especially for a worm. Before the commencement of the experiment, if the worms are placed in extreme conditions of temperature, their movement might change. Their movements on the petriplates may or may not be exclusively due to the applied stimuli and it has the impact of the external environment as well. Prior to the experiment, the worms are soaked in various types of solutions. This is not a very accurate practice as it has not been pre-determined the attraction or repulsion of the worm for the different solutions as external stimuli factors. Different types of worms must be used for the study, as this will justify the response of different invertebrates to similar or different external stimuli. Safety precautions must be observed during the experiment like wearing glasses and safety goggles, gloves and aprons as the study involve working in proximity to the lights bulbs that are exposed and have chances of shattering. Since the worms are collected from soil, they have stains on them and therefore apron and gloves can prevent shirts and hands from getting dirty. Hot water should be handled carefully as this may cause burns and boils while pouring it on the petri dish. Conclusion The response of the invertebrates to the applied external stimuli is determined by the number of worms that were dead or alive and from the rate of movement of the earthworms on exposing them to the different solutions contained in the petri dish, each representing different external stimuli. The number of worms that remained alive, after the experimental study, indicated the adaptation of the worm to particular external stimuli. References Lener Walter, ( 2009). Responses to Stimuli: The Basis of Behavior. Retrieved from https://www.ableweb.org/volumes/vol-5/3-podwall.pdf Nuffield Foundation, Org. ( 2012). Chamber to Investigate Animal Responses to Stimuli. Retrieved from https://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-biology/using-choice-chamber-investigate-animal-responses-stimuli Wilson W. Jeffrey, (2012). Escape and avoidance learning in the earthworm. Retrieved from https://peerj.com/articles/250.pdf

Kentucky Fried Chicken History free essay sample

The company operates with five long-term measures identified as essentials of corporate growth and progress .. 1 International Expansion Yum! Brands number-one goal is to drive global expansion with its category- leading brands. In 2002, the company opened a record 1,051 new international estaurants and increased international system sales 9% prior to foreign currency conversion. 2. Multibrand Innovation Expansion Yum! Brands is the worldwide leader in multibranding, offering consumers more choice and convenience at one restaurant location from a combination of two of the companys brands. The company and its franchisees today operate over 1,975 multibrand restaurants, generating over $2 billion in annual system sales. Approximately 350 new systemwide multibrand restaurants were opened in 2002. 3. Portfolio of Category-Leading U. S. Brands U. S. ystemwide same-store sales increased approximately 4% while U. S. same-store sales at company restaurants increased approximately 2% in 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on Kentucky Fried Chicken History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. Global Franchise Fees Global franchise fees, a significant factor in annual profits and cash flow, grew 6% to $866 million. Global franchise net restaurant growth was 2% in 2002. 5. Strong Cash Generation and Returns Yum! Brands generated over $1. 3 billion in cash from all sources in 2002, more than fully funding capital expenditure needs, allowing free cash flow for share repurchase, and some repayment of debt. Return on invested capital is 18%, in the estaurant industrys top tier. Culture Big on diversity in the workplace Promotes differences in background, ethnic cultures, and values oriented environment Focuses on teaching everybody something new Promotes unity in the workplace Team- Focuses on building relationships and creating diversity and commitment within the company and amongst employees and customers Organizational Structure and Design KFC is part of a divisional structure, which is Yum! Brands, Inc. Long John Silvers, AW, Taco Bell, and Pizza Hut are the other divisions Offers positions to change and growth KFC works to bring recognition and money to Yum! Brands, Human Resource Management We wont make you wing it is KFCs motto when it comes to training employees. Training includes: 1) Workbooks 2) Quizzes 3) On-the-Job competency based training Employees are encouraged to work together as a team their people grow to their highest potential interesting and exciting for workers Social Responsibility KFC is committed to making sure KFC does their best to make the Job KFC has made it their responsibility to consumers that they will provide quality chicken in a fast, efficient way. They also say that their meat comes about ethically and through humane treatment. This has not always proved true in the past, since the PETA has become involved with their warehouses that grow the chickens. KFC has made statements to the patrons of KFC, though, that the chickens will not be treated badly in the progression from birth to the processing plant. KFC sponsors a reward for senior citizens, those who live life to the fullest and are recognized in their community KFC also has the Colonels Kids program, a charity organization that helps kids become educated and grow up in a better world han that which they have known. It addresses the child care crisis and steps up to the plate to help out where possible. Scholarships and diversity programs are a part of KFCs social responsibility as well Recently, the PETA group secretly recorded a worker at the Pilgrims Pride, one of the processing plants, beating a live chicken against the wall in order to kill it. As soon as KFC was notified of this treatment, they immediately submitted a written statement saying that the treatment was appalling and took action immediately, placing an animal welfare expert at the plant to ensure he ethical, humane treatment of the chickens. The statement said that: We do not tolerate animal abuse by any of our suppliers, under any circumstance. KFC also told the company Pilgrims Pride that, unless they can definitively assure us there are absolutely no abuses taking place, we will not purchase from this Moorefield, West Virginia, facility. PETA says that more action should be taken, but KFC has done all it can to ensure that people are happy with the facilities and means by which their food comes about.

The White Flag Essays - Lacey, 9, Whitey Tighties, Miss Hanson

The White Flag Essays - Lacey, 9, Whitey Tighties, Miss Hanson The White Flag Miss Hanson English, Period 2 March 29, 1999 It was a usual summer day, as I woke up and ran to the bathroom. Then I went downstairs and grabbed a bowl of cereal and the remote control. I ate my peaches n' cream oatmeal while watching my favorite television show, Rainbow Brite. Wow! She had to be the bravest girl ever, and she was my childhood hero. Ding-dong, the door bell rang. As I ran to get the door I suddenly felt myself falling down on my face. As I face planted it , I saw the cause. My older brother, Jason, had left his dumb shoes out again! Climbing up, regaining my balance the door rang again, and I yelled, "I'm coming!" I opened the door and saw my best friend, Lacey. " Hey Brooke, can you play?" "Yeah, I have to change my clothes first though." So we went upstairs and met Jason and his friend, Scott, Lacey's older brother, at the top of the stairs. We brushed past them and went into my bedroom. I was just opening up my underwear drawer, when the boys burst in. Jason grabbed some of my underwear, revealing to Scott that I wore Rainbow Brite and My Little Pony underwear. I was absolutely mortified at the sight of two boys seeing my underwear and laughing at them. I jumped up, snatched my underwear and shoved the boys out while yelling, " Get out, get out you jerks!," and slammed shut the door. "How could he do that!" raged Lacey. "Yeah, how dare they do such a thing!" I exclaimed back at Lacey. Mean while, while Lacey was rambling on about the boys I was thinking revenge! "I know, I said, what's better than getting mad is getting even, and I'm going to give him a taste of his own medicine!" "But how?" Lacey questioned. "Just follow me." I said excitingly. I lead the way to my plan. We marched into Jason's bedroom, and headed straight toward the underwear drawer. We got out every pair. "Holy Cow! He wears whitey-tighties?" questioned Lacey. "Yeah, that's not the worst of it! They are huge and even have a hole in all of them!" I said. (Now at this point you have to understand that at seven years old we didn't quite know about these sort of things.) "Start tying them together!" I ordered. We tied together every pair of those white pieces of cloth, and had a long strand. We dragged it over to his open window and lunged it out, just as the neighborhood babe, Kristen Redford, was walking by and saw the whole thing. She ran off laughing hysterically. Oh, Jason was so in-love with her, and this was working out too perfect. Yep, I knew it! A very out-raged, Jason, red-faced with both embarrassment and anger stormed in, grabbed and tackled me, and beat the living tar out of me. Oh but is sure was worth every bruise and cut!

Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Stem Cell - Research Paper Example Though one cannot forecast the results from basic research, there is enough information available to suggest that a good deal of this enthusiasm is justified. Definition of Stem Cells Stem cells are basically building block cells of a human being which are capable of becoming 210 different types of tissue. â€Å"Stem cells have traditionally been defined as not fully differentiated yet to be any particular type of cell or tissue† (Irving, 1999). Adult stem cells are found in minute numbers within most tissues, but the majority of stem cells can be obtained from the umbilical cord. A more precise term is â€Å"somatic stem cells† (Sullivan, 2004). There are numerous potential sources for stem cells. Embryonic stem cells originate from the inner cell of an early stage embryo. Embryonic germ cells can be collected from fetal tissue at a later stage of development. Adult stem cells can be obtained from mature tissues. â€Å"Even after complete maturation of an organism, ce lls need to be replaced. A good example (of adult stem cells) is blood, but this is true for muscle and other connective tissue as well, and may be true for at least some nervous system cells† (Chapman et al, 1999). ... It has been substantiated from animal research that stem cells can be differentiated into cells that will behave appropriately in their transplanted location. For example, the transplantation of stem cells following treatments for cancer has found much success for many years. â€Å"Experiments such as the transplantation of fetal tissue into the brains of Parkinson’s patients indicate that the expectation that stem cell therapies could provide robust treatments for many human diseases is a reasonable one. It is only through controlled scientific research that the true promise will be understood† (Frankel, 1999). Argument for use of aborted fetuses The moral dilemma that surrounds the prohibition of aborted fetuses is the idea of abortion itself. The former Bush administration made it very clear that it was opposed to legal abortions, in at least most circumstances, and transferred that ideology to the prohibition of embryonic stem cell research. The concept of scientifi c study of the next stage of development, the fetus, which resulted from an abortion, was unthinkable. The ideology of the past Presidential administration reflected the minority which opposes abortion and also reflects the majority that is opposed to aborted fetuses of consenting parents being used for experimentation. This reality has no basis in reason. Why would those who claim to be ‘pro-choice’ want to waste the aborted tissue? For that matter, why would pro-lifers want to witness what they believe is a living being tossed away in vain? At least its ‘life’ could have meant something to humanity in a very real way. In 1999 alone, more than 850,000 abortions were performed in the U.S.

Compare and Contrast Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare and Contrast Research Methods - Essay Example To begin with, the prime reason for the development of increasingly complex research methods is to enhance their effectiveness regarding to their ability to predict human attitudes and behaviors (Malhotra, 2008). In order to establish the comparison between various research techniques, it is mandatory to define the key terms. Management Style Guide online (2008) explains Projective Techniques  as the methods of investigation developed by psychologists, which are unstructured and indirect. The aim is to uncover the projection of the subjects regarding the underlying motives of the researcher. It provides information about the intentions of participants which cannot be obtained by direct questioning owing to certain limitations e.g. inability of participants to figure out the issue themselves, resistance to reveal, etc. It is in fact a disguised-unstructured qualitative technique in which aim of the researcher is kept veiled from the subjects from which information is obtained (Steinman, 2009). Due to the same reasons, attitude surveys nowadays use the help of projective surveys and so do motivational studies and researches. Examples: Projective techniques are applicable in various fields of life, ranging from psychological and social all the way to business and marketing researches. Will et al (1996) as cited by Steinman (2009) demonstrates some of the uses of projective techniques when it comes to opening discussions are extremely useful in opening discussions or in socially sensitive issues which might not be successfully elucidated owing to social and cultural norms and to avoid embarrassment on part of the subject. In social research, these may include; In the field of business and consumer research, an example can be taken from the work of Donoghue (1998) who demonstrated the use of projective techniques with the purpose of revealing consumers’ hidden attitudes, feelings, beliefs and motives that are intimately associated